| No. | Category | Details |
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1 |
History |
Coffee originated from Ethiopia, spread to Yemen’s Mocha port, and reached Indonesia before returning to Europe and the Americas. Indonesia thus became one of the earliest coffee-cultivating countries. The Dutch, dominating global trade in the 16th–17th centuries, introduced coffee to their colony in the East Indies (now Indonesia). |
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2 |
Introduction of Coffee |
In 1696, the Dutch governor of Malabar (India) sent Arabica coffee trees from Yemen to Batavia (Jakarta). The first batch failed due to flooding, but the second batch in 1699 succeeded. By 1719, “Java Coffee” was already exported to Europe, becoming famous for its fine flavor. |
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3 |
Harvest Season |
Main harvest runs from April to March (Apr–Mar). About 15% of Robusta is harvested July–June (Jul–Jun) and ~5% of Arabica October–September (Oct–Sep). |
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4 |
Yield |
Average yield ranges 0.7–1.0 tons/ha. Nearly all 1.25 million ha of coffee area is farmed by smallholders using traditional methods and minimal fertilizers. Many trees are old (10+ years). |
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5 |
2023/24 Crop Production |
Output estimated at 9.7 million 60-kg bags, the lowest since 2011–12, mainly due to extreme weather and pest damage (source: Indonesian Coffee Exporters Association). |
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6 |
Planted Area |
Total area: ~1.34 million ha, ranking 3rd largest producer worldwide. Robusta accounts for >70% of total planted area. |
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7 |
Main Growing Regions |
Major coffee regions: Sumatra (Lampung, Aceh, Mandailing), Java, Sulawesi (Toraja), Flores, and Papua. |
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8 |
Production Characteristics |
Production heavily depends on rainfall. La Niña (2020–2022) caused excessive rain, reducing yields. Most farms are smallholders using the “Giling Basah” (wet-hulling) method — a traditional process giving Indonesian coffee its distinctive earthy and full-bodied flavor. |
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9 |
Coffee Varieties & Specialty Coffees |
Java Coffee (Arabica): grown at Ijen Plateau (East Java, 1,400m). Luwak Coffee (Kopi Luwak): world-famous specialty coffee made from beans fermented inside civet cats. Other notable origins: Toraja, Aceh, Mandailing — all prized for unique aroma and balance. |