According to environmental scientists, the textile and tire manufacturing industries are among the leading contributors to microplastic pollution in the environment.
Polyester Fabrics and Synthetic Rubber as Major Sources
Professor K. Sudesh Kumar, an applied microbiologist from Universiti Sains Malaysia, explained that most modern clothing contains polyester, which is a form of plastic.
“Each time we wash our clothes, a large amount of microfibers is released, which then degrades into microplastic particles,” he said.
He also noted that tire wear and tear generate microplastics because synthetic rubber is not biodegradable. Additionally, the cosmetic and personal care industries contribute microplastics through exfoliating beads and various formulations, while single-use plastics, paints, and slow-release fertilizers coated with porous plastic materials are also significant sources.
Dr. Kumar emphasized the importance of proper collection, sorting, and treatment of plastic waste to reduce microplastic leakage into the environment.
Microplastics Threaten Human Health
Mageswari Sangaralingam, a senior researcher at Sahabat Alam Malaysia (SAM), warned that laboratory studies on cells and animals show microplastics can harm multiple human systems, including the digestive, respiratory, endocrine, reproductive, and immune systems.
She explained that microplastics can absorb and accumulate toxins from the environment such as heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), increasing their chemical toxicity.
“Microplastic particles inhaled into the respiratory tract can cause oxidative stress, inflammation, and airway damage, leading to coughing, sneezing, and difficulty breathing,” she said.
“Chronic exposure can also cause fatigue and dizziness due to reduced oxygen levels in the blood.”
Calls for Policy Action and Education
Mageswari urged for a ban on primary microplastics and those intentionally added to products. She also recommended stronger regulatory measures to prevent accidental microplastic releases.
Meanwhile, Jasmin Irisha Jim Ilham, Climate and Environment Officer at UNICEF Malaysia, said UNICEF is supporting the Iskandar Malaysia Ecolife Challenge (IMELC) program by revising educational modules to include plastic pollution awareness.
In 2024, IMELC will introduce a new pilot module titled “Anti-Plastic Pollution” at 40 primary schools in Johor, aimed at raising awareness about low-carbon lifestyles and environmental protection among students, teachers, and local communities.